Personal Injury Claims

Accidents Abroad.

Our Holiday Accident Solicitors are by your side to help you claim compensation for injuries suffered abroad.

  • Legal 500 Ranked for Personal Injury
  • Free Initial Interview
  • Personal Approach
Person with injured arm in sling
  • Legal 500 Ranked for Personal Injury
  • Free Initial Interview
  • Personal Approach

Accidents Abroad Claims & Holiday Injury Compensation.

If you’ve had an accident while travelling abroad, and you feel that someone else is at fault, talk to our accident abroad solicitors today.

The team of personal injury solicitors here at Lanyon Bowdler have experience in helping clients make international personal injury claims.

We are proud of our reputation as being highly professional, yet friendly and approachable, and we have an excellent track record of helping our clients claim the maximum amount of compensation for their injuries.

Suffering an accident at any time is stressful enough, but to be injured away from home where you may need medical treatment, which can be difficult to understand due to language barriers, along with the worries about getting well enough to return home, can increase your worries and concerns about the accident and how to make a claim.

If something like this happens to you, and someone else is liable, it’s important to have a highly skilled legal team by your side.

What types of accidents abroad can I claim for?

Our personal injury experts have wide ranging experience handling incidents, such as:

  • Road traffic accident abroad
  • Holiday food poisoning
  • Psychiatric injury
  • Fatal accidents
  • Sporting injuries
  • Injuries while using public transport

If you have suffered an injury abroad while on a package holiday, or during an activity managed by a UK travel agency, we can help you claim compensation.

Our Holiday Accidents Claims Expertise

Many people don’t realise that they are eligible for compensation even when an accident takes place on foreign soil. The specialists at Lanyon Bowdler are experienced and have a track record of success supporting clients who have been injured abroad.

How will Lanyon Bowdler help me make a Package Holiday Accident Claim?

Our team of experienced lawyers will guide you through the process in a sensitive way to ensure you claim the compensation you deserve.

We’ll help you to understand if you have the legal basis for a case, and if so, we’ll assist you to gather all the necessary information to make a successful claim.

We’ll provide you with a free initial consultation so you can ask any questions you may have and so that we can fully understand the details of what’s happened to you.

Our relationship with Foreign Law Advisors

One of the reasons for our success is the number of contacts our personal injury claims solicitors have developed with foreign law advisors. If you have been injured while on a package holiday, we are able to manage the communication between parties such as foreign managers, travel agencies, and third parties involved in the accident.

It may seem like claiming compensation for an accident or illness abroad is hugely complicated, with different laws and languages adding to the confusion, but our specialists are experienced in dealing with these types of claims and will liaise with all the necessary organisations involved on your behalf.

Legal Directory Recommendations

The Personal Injury Team is recognised in Tier 2 for the West Midlands in the 2025 edition of the Legal 500, which states ‘The ‘very client-centred’ team at Lanyon Bowdler is ably led by Dawn Humphries who is based at the Shrewsbury office. Humphries excels in serious brain and spinal injuries. She is also well-regarded for her work on employers’ liability claims that arise from accidents at work, particularly at construction sites. Telford-based Debbie Humphries is recommended for her representation of clients who have sustained life-changing injuries. Phillip Roberts is at the Hereford office, and has particular experience in areas such as accident at work cases and loss of limbs claims. Associate Karen Clarke is another notable member of the practice’.

Work highlights:

Represented claimant in PI claim against a well-known sporting activities franchise, where claimant sustained a C5 fracture of the neck rendering him tetraplegic, resulting in a claim estimated to be worth over £10m.

Represented claimant in PI claim against employer, having sustained fractures to L2, 3, 4 and 5 after falling from a roof. Contentious evidence in respect of quantum led to negotiations which successfully secured a £500,000 settlement for the client.

Represented claimant via their litigation friend in a PI claim against a defendant driver, successfully negotiating a settlement of £2.9m ahead of a liability trial.

Chambers UK 2025 rank the department in Band 1 and state ‘The firm is particularly experienced in acting for clients with spinal and cerebral injuries. Also skilled in handling military cases, and works alongside clinical negligence and Court of Protection teams to fully support clients.’

Strengths

“The team are always friendly and nothing is a problem for them.”

“All communication was appropriately fast and always put into suitable non-legal layman terms.”

Notable practitioners

Dawn Humphries – Band 2

Dawn Humphries handles a wide range of orthopaedic and spinal injury claims. She is active on an array of personal injury cases, including those relating to workplace accidents and RTAs.

“Dawn is empathetic and sympathetic but very calmly assertive when it came to pushing back onto defence.”

“She is really on the ball and is open to having a discussion on how to improve the case.”

Debbie Humphries – Band 2

Debbie Humphries is highlighted for her experience in handling a full range of severe injury matters, including motor incidents and accidents at work.

“Debbie supports her clients with a balance of compassion and sector knowledge.”

Your Holiday Injury Claims questions answered

How do I claim compensation for an accident abroad?

Where an accident occurs in another country, there are certain rules to establish whether you can bring the case within the courts of England and Wales. Lanyon Bowdler’s personal injury specialists have supported people who have been involved in accidents in various locations abroad and so are well-versed in the intricacies of dealing with claims in foreign countries.

The specialist solicitors here at Lanyon Bowdler will be able to advise whether your holiday can legally be defined as a package and what the best way forward will be to claim the maximum amount of accident abroad compensation.

 

It is likely that the law of the country where the accident took place will apply to some aspects of your case. This can mean you only have a year – or sometimes even less – to bring the claim to the courts, so it is really important to speak to a solicitor as soon as you can once you are back home. Which law applies to the case also requires careful consideration as there are a number of exceptions to the general rule.

In most cases, advice may be needed from a foreign lawyer, and our specialists have excellent relationships with expert lawyers and barristers from all over the world who will be able to help with your claim.

Can I claim for Package Holiday Accident Compensation?

Holidays are precious, and we understand the huge disappointment when a holiday is ruined due to accident or illness, through no fault of your own.

Unfortunately, we cannot of course recreate your perfect holiday, but we can take care of a compensation claim for you – helping to pay for damages and any medical fees relating to your accident or illness.

If you are injured or become ill while on a package holiday, you may be protected by The Package Travel and Linked Travel Arrangements Regulations 2018, known as the ‘Brexit Regulations’ for EEA or EU countries. This means the UK-based tour operator or travel agency may be held directly responsible and a claim may be made in the English courts.

A holiday is defined as a ‘package holiday’ when at least two or more different types of travel service for the trip are bought together – such as a flight, coach or train (but not transfers from an airport), and accommodation (such as a hotel, villa or apartment) and car rental.

As booking websites have deals with attractive discounts on offer, buying accommodation, travel, and sometimes activities all together is very common.

The specialist lawyers here at Lanyon Bowdler will be able to advise whether your holiday can legally be defined as a package – and what the best way forward will be to claim the maximum amount of compensation.

Despite package holidays being governed by English law, it can still be important to seek expert advice from foreign lawyers and other professionals. Our lawyers are highly experienced at dealing with claims of this type.

What to do after an accident abroad?

For a claim to be successful it is important to prove that your injuries were caused by someone else. In order to do this, you do the following:

  • Take photos and/or video of where the incident took place and exactly what caused the accident
  • Report the incident to the manager or another responsible person at the location and request that the details be recorded in their logbook
  • Get the names and contact details of any witnesses
  • Keep receipts for any expenses you incurred as a direct result of the injuries
  • Get a doctor’s report and take photos of your injuries
  • Keep a daily diary of events immediately after the accident
What can I claim for in a Holiday Injury Claim?

The compensation you might receive for an injury or illness abroad is dependent on factors including the nature of your accident, the extent of your injuries, how long it will take to make a full recovery, loss of earnings, and the cost of any medical treatment. The right level of compensation will take into account your pain and suffering, including emotional distress as well as any tangible expenses you have incurred.

Depending on the nature of your claim, you may also be able to recover:

  • The cost of flights and other transport
  • The cost of hotels
  • The days of your holiday ruined by illness
  • The loss of enjoyment of the holiday
Can I make a Group Action Holiday Accident Claim?

If you have been involved in an accident involving a group of people while travelling abroad, such as a coach crash, the team here at Lanyon Bowdler could act for all of the injured parties to claim accidents abroad compensation.

These cases are known as group actions, and need a high level of organisation and efficiency – something that our accidents abroad specialists are very experienced in.

One high-profile case which Lanyon Bowdler specialists were instrumental in, was a coach crash in the French Alps involving 23 people. The team successfully recovered more than £1.3 million in damages for the victims, one of whom had a serious brain injury with many others suffering from orthopaedic and whiplash injuries.

If you have concerns that your illness was due to poor hygiene in a hotel or restaurant, it is likely that other customers have become ill too and it might even be possible for you to make a group claim with other affected holidaymakers. Talk to other guests and find out if they have also become sick.

If you discover others with similar experience, take their contact details and ask if they would be willing to provide a supporting statement. Group compensation claims are particularly effective in the case of food poisoning.

What should you do if you have an accident abroad?

The first thing you should do if you have an accident or suffer from an illness abroad is to seek medical treatment. There are a few other steps you can take to ensure you have all the information you’ll need to make a compensation claim.

 

Seek medical treatment

Your health and optimal recovery are of course the most important things to consider no matter what the circumstances. Visit the local hospital or GP Practice, make sure the treatment is recorded and that you are given a copy of the report. Keep a record of any medication you are given and any costs associated with these including travel costs.

 

Report the incident

Inform a holiday rep if you have one or report the incident to a responsible person on the premises. Make sure the accident is registered in their logbook and keep the names and contact details of the people you talk to.

 

Take photos and/or videos

It is important to keep a record of what exactly caused your accident. The easiest way to do so is with photos and videos. Include close-ups and other objects in the scene to demonstrate the size and scale of any defects which caused the accident.

 

Talk to witnesses

If anyone saw what happened, be sure to get their names, contact details and if possible their agreement to be contacted to make a statement at a later date.

Testimonials

What our clients say.

Used Lanyon Bowdler for a personal injury claim regarding a trip in a supermarket. I found the service very helpful and would use again.

Margaret
via ReviewSolicitors

From the first contact, the team at Lanyon Bowdler gave a fast & efficient service. They were very friendly & gave me the confidence that I had found the right solicitors. The advice given & the fast responses were beyond my expectations. The matter was resolved in no time at all.

Martyn
via ReviewSolicitors

It is a pleasure to act as a case manager for clients represented by the personal injury team at Lanyon Bowdler Solicitors. Lanyon Bowdler PI team are proactive and truly client centred. They understand the clients they represent and work tirelessly to achieve the best they can for them. Through collaborative working we have been able to achieve the best outcomes possible for our clients.

Rachel Dodwell
Community Case Management Services Ltd

As a case manager I work closely with litigation teams to ensure our clients get the expertise, support and care they need to bring them back to as close to their life pre-injury as possible. This is very often not an easy journey, and balancing the desires of the client to live their best life with collating and presenting the facts of how that life is altered, can be very challenging. Having worked alongside Lanyon Bowdler’s team for many years, I have noted it is always easier to strike this balance, when they are involved.

Shelley Lewis
AJ Case Management

Having worked with a succession of personal injury specialists at Lanyon Bowdler over the years, I have seen at first hand the top-flight legal expertise that they bring to every case and the commitment to obtaining the absolutely best result for every client. Equally importantly, I am struck by the compassion, empathy and humanity with which every client is treated. They go above and beyond to ensure their clients receive the very best representation.

Anthony Reddiford
Guildhall Chambers

The team at Lanyon Bowdler show an exceptional knowledge and understanding of their client’s needs, not just in terms of the claim that they lead, but also the emotional and personal experiences that they will have on that journey.

Jenny Whittall
JMW Ltd

Lanyon Bowdler provide seamless ongoing emotional support, information and guidance to their clients over what may be many years of a PI claim. This significantly helps mitigate the “stress” of a claim for their clients, and in my medicolegal experience puts them way ahead of other legal firms.

Professor Tony Elliott
Director UK Centre for Medico-Legal Studies

Contacted Lanyon Bowdler six months after an injury at work. They offered me several of their services, including no win no fee which I ended up choosing. The solicitor was extremely helpful, was always keeping me updated when there was news and answered promptly when asked for any updates or when I asked any questions. I was very happy with the final settlement and the advice I received proved to be the best for my case. I felt like the extra bit of care was extended to give me a good idea of the options I had to choose from which really helped to inform any decision.

Matthew
via ReviewSolicitors

From my initial approach to the final positive outcome I felt my solicitor was expending all his energy to win the case. I was kept informed throughout and was given straightforward advice on how to proceed. The end result was an acceptable outcome and the pay-out was prompt.

Eric
via ReviewSolicitors

Very friendly and quick to respond, highly recommend for anyone looking for legal advice.

Anonymous
via ReviewSolicitors

I couldn’t be happier with the service I have received over the past six years. I would highly recommend Lanyon Bowdler for legal requirements.

Jayne
via ReviewSolicitors

Since dealing with Lanyon Bowdler they have been diligent, efficient and at all times very helpful along with being structured in dealing with matters, fees and clarity on all levels. Thank you.

Michael
via ReviewSolicitors

I was clearly informed of progress step by step. The service you provided was very good.

Peter Weston
Shrewsbury

All work carried out effectively and efficiently.

Hubert Jones
via ReviewSolicitors

An excellent service with solicitors that you can talk to and who give you a clear understanding of all necessary legal implications and interpretations.

Eric
via ReviewSolicitors

From start to finish we had excellent service. Friendly, approachable and professional.

Carl Gittins
via ReviewSolicitors

Very clear, concise advice and guidance, easy to understand.

Ian Jamieson
Telford

Good service provided throughout with clear communication throughout with all options explored.

Lee

I can thoroughly recommend the highly professional and supportive service received over the last few months.

Heather
via ReviewSolicitors

Responsive, supportive, approachable, clear and empathetic.

Lisa Thacker

Professional and prompt communication. Supportive and client focused.

Lisa Thacker
Jennifer M Whittall Ltd

Whenever I have had need to contact Lanyon Bowdler I have always received a fast, concise and friendly response.

Lee Mortimer
UK Case Management

Definitely would use Lanyon Bowdler again if I need the use of a solicitor.

Mark Bowkett
via ReviewSolicitors

Smooth and efficient service from very professional firm.

Tim
via ReviewSolicitors

We were particularly impressed with the quality of work, the speed and excellent communication.

Allenby Douglas Ltd
Oswestry

Very friendly and approachable. Very good advice

Ivor Brown
via ReviewSolicitors

Great Service; Lanyon Bowdler were excellent from the outset. Straightforward and easy process. I just sat back and waited.

Paul Rowe
via ReviewSolicitors

Everything has been professional, efficient and courteous throughout and we are very pleased, both with the service and with the eventual outcome of our case. Everything was first class and exceeded our expectations. Thank you again for providing such splendid service. It is really appreciated.

Mr N J & Dr S J Browne
Llanfyllin

Contact Lanyon Bowdler

Please give our Accidents Abroad Solicitors a call for a friendly, confidential, conversation about how we can help support you with a personal injury claim. There is no commitment or charge for our initial assessment.

Please contact a member of the team by calling our offices or completing our online enquiry form. We can also arrange a home or hospital visit when more convenient.

Lanyon Bowdler has offices in HerefordShrewsburyTelfordLudlowOswestryBromyard, and Conwy in North Wales, covering Shropshire, Herefordshire, Mid and North Wales, and the Midlands. We regularly act for clients on Holiday Accident Claims in Birmingham, Worcester, Wolverhampton, and across the surrounding areas. As a leading national law firm, we can represent you wherever you live in England or Wales.

Contact us today to find out how we can help you. We listen, and we care.

Our people

Meet the team.

Dawn Humphries
Dawn Humphries
Partner
Personal Injury
Debbie Humphries
Debbie Humphries
Partner
Personal Injury
Phillip Roberts
Phillip Roberts
Partner
Personal Injury
Isabella Drummond
Isabella Drummond
Paralegal Apprentice
Personal Injury | Medical Negligence
Amanda Clarke
Amanda Clarke
Legal Support Assistant
Personal Injury
Helen Gale
Helen Gale
Legal Support Assistant
Personal Injury
Kelly Gibbons
Kelly Gibbons
Legal Support Assistant
Personal Injury
Amy Burgoyne
Amy Burgoyne
Legal Support Assistant
Personal Injury
Karen Clarke
Karen Clarke
Partner
Personal Injury
Phyllis Smith
Phyllis Smith
Senior Litigation Assistant
Personal Injury
Alexander Spanner
Alexander Spanner
Associate Solicitor
Personal Injury
Morgan Thompson
Morgan Thompson
Legal Support Assistant
Personal Injury
Cameron Petch
Cameron Petch
Legal Support Assistant
Personal Injury
Sam Russell
Sam Russell
Trainee Solicitor
Personal Injury
Sarah Martin
Sarah Martin
Costs Draftsman
Medical Negligence | Personal Injury
Jane Miles
Jane Miles
Associate Solicitor
Personal Injury
Andrew Morris
Andrew Morris
Trainee Costs Draftsman
Medical Negligence | Personal Injury
Miriam Homer
Miriam Homer
Solicitor
Personal Injury
David Hughes
David Hughes
Associate Costs Manager
Medical Negligence | Personal Injury
Knowledge

Case studies.

Case Study
Lanyon Bowdler case study icon

Mown Down Running Away From Assailants

The claimant sustained multiple injuries, one of which was a serious head injury....
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Lanyon Bowdler case study icon

Motor Accident – Claim Valued at £4m

This case was contested, and described by the defendants as one of the most complex cases in terms of injury and causati...
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Lanyon Bowdler case study icon

Man Killed in Road Traffic Accident in Holland

Mr A was killed in a road traffic accident in Holland. He left a partner and two small children....
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Lanyon Bowdler case study icon

Local Lawyer Concerns for Coach Safety

In 2004 new regulations were introduced which stated that any passenger over fourteen must wear a seat belt (if there is...
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Nature image

Liability Admitted After Serious Head Injury

The firm was instructed to act for the claimant who was involved in a road traffic accident at the age of 53 years and s...
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Lanyon Bowdler case study icon

Pensioner awarded Compensation after Trip

Lanyon Bowdler successfully won a case for a pensioner from Oldham, who tripped when she stepped backwards and caught he...
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Grass in sunlight

Injuries Sustained to Non Dominant Ring Finger

The claimant worked for a firm of solicitors and sustained injuries to her non dominant ring finger when using a ladder ...
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Lanyon Bowdler case study icon

Damages Awarded After Claimant Fell From Ladder

The claimant fractured his neck after falling from a ladder whilst spraying a wasp’s nest through a long lance and wea...
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Lanyon Bowdler case study icon

Severe Brain Damage after being Deliberately Thrown from Moving Car

The claimant aged 40, was left severely brain damaged and requiring 24 hour double up lifelong care after being delibera...
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Lanyon Bowdler case study icon

Slip at Work due To Overgrown Moss

Lanyon Bowdler was instructed to act by the claimant who slipped at work due to overgrown moss on a blocked pathway. ...
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Lanyon Bowdler case study icon

Claim for Psychiatric Injuries

Mrs T was not actually involved in the accident. She was at home in England at the time. This would have prevented her f...
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Soft focus image of leaves

Claim for Noise Induced Hearing Loss

The claimant in the case had served a claim for noise-induced hearing loss and sought compensation against Mr H’s late...
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Lanyon Bowdler case study icon

Claim for Farming Accident

Whilst already past the normal age of retirement at the date of the accident, the Claimant had intended to continue work...
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Lanyon Bowdler case study icon

Claimant Awarded £1m After Work Accident

The claimant required major reconstructive surgery and extensive rehabilitation. The claimant suffered complete loss of ...
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Lanyon Bowdler case study icon

Catastrophic Boiler Failure

The husband had been involved in a catastrophic boiler failure resulting in 85% burns, from which he subsequently died....
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Lanyon Bowdler case study icon

Attacked by Abusive Neighbour

Lanyon Bowdler acted for an client who had been attacked by an abusive neighbour....
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Lanyon Bowdler case study icon

Victim Of Abuse

We acted for a claimant who had been the victim of a crime, as they were abused....
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Lanyon Bowdler case study icon

£1m for Claimant Blinded at Work

The Serious Injury Claim settlement made provision for the fact the claimant suffered complete loss of earnings capacity...
Dawn Humphries • 26 Feb 2024
Case Study
Lanyon Bowdler case study icon

Successful Claim For Family After Father Dies In Road Traffic Accident

A claim was brought on behalf of the widow, two very young daughters, parents and sister. ...
Dawn Humphries • 25 Jan 2024
Case Study
Close up of blades of grass

Motorcyclist In Road Traffic Accident Seeks Help With Claim

The claimant was travelling along a major road when the defendant failed to stop at a give way sign and proceeded to dri...
Dawn Humphries • 01 Aug 2023
Case Study
Close up of flower

Vehicle Hit by Detached Trailer

The claimant sustained multiple serious orthopaedic injuries, damaged hearing, vestibular impairment and psychological s...
28 Jul 2023
Case Study
Leaves in the shade

Falling Machinery Causes Accident at Work

As the piece of machinery was being laid down to a horizontal position, the weight overcame all involved causing the mac...
28 Jul 2023
Case Study
Close up of blades of grass

Ambulance Involved in Head-On Collision

Whilst en route with a patient, the ambulance was involved in a head on collision. The claimant was thrown around the re...
28 Jul 2023
Knowledge

Latest knowledge.

Blog

Learning to Adapt After the Challenges of C...

I came across copies of my blogs written during the COVID-19 pandemic, and reading through them reminded me of the ...
Karen Clarke • 05 Feb 2025
Blog

Road Traffic Accidents – Using the Insurer’...

In recent weeks I have been approached by new clients who have become completely disheartened with the legal proces...
Karen Clarke • 27 Jan 2025
Blog

Wear your Seatbelt!

As we enter the New Year with excitement at the fresh challenges we may face, the weather has decided to give us so...
Karen Clarke • 10 Jan 2025
Podcast icon Podcast

The Defiant Brain Injured Teenager: Dawn Humphries, Lucy Speed and Andrew Worthington

Brain injuries can have a huge impact on an individual. In this episode, special guest Professor Andrew Worthington from...
Published • 21 Oct 2024
Blog

Armed Forces Compensation Scheme

Members of the Armed Forces will often be placed into high-risk scenarios and can suffer significant, disabling inj...
Alexander Spanner • 11 Oct 2024
Podcast icon Podcast

Fatal Accident Claims – What You Need to Know: Miriam Homer and Dawn Humphries

Discussion of fatal accident claims. These claims need to be made where there has been a loss of life. We talk about the...
Published • 07 Oct 2024
Podcast icon Podcast

How to Prove Negligence in Sporting Injuries: Alexander Spanner and Cameron Petch

Negligence claims in sporting activities and how certain levels of risks are applied to different sports. They discuss a...
Published • 30 Sep 2024
Blog

National Road Victim Month – August 2024

As the summer holidays draw to a close and we approach the end of August, we also approach the end of National Road...
Debbie Humphries • 29 Aug 2024
Blog

Busting Myths and Misconceptions about Pers...

With numerous myths surrounding the complexity, cost and time involved in bringing a personal injury claim, people ...
Claudia Booth • 22 Jul 2024
Podcast icon Podcast

The Process of Disclosure in Personal Injury Claims – Miriam Homer and Amy Burgoyne

They explain their roles, and the process of disclosure, where the parties involved exchange documents in relation to th...
Published • 09 Jul 2024
Blog

The Most Important Law of Our Generation? –...

According to the Labour Force Survey for Great Britain during 2022/23, 561,000 workers were injured in the workplac...
Lauren McCarthy • 28 Jun 2024
Blog

Health and Safety in Construction

As with many other areas of work, anyone deemed to be controlling a construction site has responsibilities to keep ...
Alexander Spanner • 27 Jun 2024
Accreditations

Our awards and accolades.

Contact us

Get in touch.

"*" indicates required fields

TOS*
This field is hidden when viewing the form
This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.